Climate Action Network submission to the UNFCCC for including afforestation and reforestation activities under Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol. CAN makes the case for a number of recommendations including: the need for a mandatory process to assess environmental and social impacts of sinks projects; and that the environmental and social assessment process should screen out monoculture industrial plantations, which inherently pose great risks to biodiversity and local livelihoods. CAN also discusses how permanence, additionality and leakage could effectively be handled.